Japan - Overview, Demographics and Economic Profile from the World Factbook

Japan - The World Factbook

Overview

Japan is an island nation located in East Asia, stretching from the Sea of Japan to the North Pacific Ocean. It consists of four main islands—Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku—along with many smaller ones. Its terrain is largely mountainous, and it experiences frequent volcanic activity due to its position along the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Population and Demographics

Japan’s population exceeds 120 million, characterized by an aging demographic. The population pyramid highlights a shrinking working-age group contrasted with a growing elderly population. Life expectancy remains among the highest globally, while birth rates continue to decline.

Japan’s dependency ratio—the proportion of dependents (young and elderly) to the working-age population—has increased, creating economic and social challenges in sustaining healthcare and pension systems.

Government and Politics

Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government. The Emperor serves as the ceremonial head of state, while executive power lies with the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The National Diet is Japan’s bicameral legislature, composed of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors.

Economy

Japan possesses the third-largest economy in the world by nominal GDP. It is highly developed and export-oriented, focusing on advanced technology, electronics, automobiles, and robotics industries. While industrial output remains strong, Japan faces long-term economic pressures from a shrinking population and deflationary trends.

Geography and Climate

Japan’s climate varies from subarctic in the north to subtropical in the south. The country experiences four distinct seasons, with hot humid summers and cool winters. Natural hazards include typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Only a small portion of land is arable, leading to high population density in coastal plains and urban centers.

Culture and Society

Japan has a rich cultural heritage blending tradition and modernization. Elements of Shinto and Buddhist philosophy influence daily life. The society emphasizes harmony, respect, and innovation. Japan’s contributions to global culture include cuisine, technology, and arts such as anime, literature, and architecture.

International Relations

Japan maintains strong alliances, particularly with the United States, focusing on regional stability, trade, and technological cooperation. It is an active member of organizations like the United Nations, G7, and APEC, and plays a key role in addressing security and environmental issues in the Asia-Pacific region.

“Japan remains a technologically advanced, culturally vibrant, and geopolitically influential nation facing demographic and economic transitions.”

Author summary: Japan is a highly developed island nation balancing economic strength with demographic aging and cultural resilience.

CIA (.gov) — 2025-11-24